HEPL

Notions of anatomo-pathology (1st year). Course of biochemistry.

To know and to understand the most common pathologies in order to understand the interest of biological tests and fully know how to carry biological research. To develop a scientific approach and reazoning based on anatomical and physiological knowledge.

General principles : definition of the pathological state; causes of disease; means of defence; therapeuticmeans; repair process and tumoralal reaction.

Water, electrolytes: water balance; hormonal regulation of the water balance; hypo-hypernatremy and hypo-hyperkaliemia,

acido-basics disorders ; metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alcalosis.

Cardiovascular disease: ischemiccardiopathy; cardiac insufficiency ; arterial hypertension; thrombosis and embolia.

Pulmonary disease: chronic and acute respiratory insufficiency ; interest ofbiological tests.

Abdominal disease: hetatobiliary system ( cytolysis and cholestasis tests ) ; cirrhosis ; hepatitis ; vesicular lithiasis and pancreatitis.

Disease of the kidney: kidney’s exploration; acute and chronic kidney’s insufficiency; glomerulopathy and tubulopathy.

Endocrine pathology : thyroid pathology (regulation, hypo -and hyperthyroidy , goitre) ; adrenal gland’s pathology (hypercorticism, cortical insufficiency) ; mellitus diabete.

DURAND H. et BICLET P., Dictionnaire des examens biologiques et investigations para cliniques, Ed. Doin, Paris, 1991.

QUEVAUVILLIERS J., PERLEMUTER I., FOURRIER B., MICHEZ E., Cahiers de l’infirmière, Ed. Masson, Paris, 1991.

Preferably a sound knowledge of English.

The aim of this course is to teach students to read, understand, interpret and translate technical and scientific texts dealing with clinical chemistry (intermediate level);

Another objective is to get the students to read scientific journals in English so that they can find other sources of information than those in their mother tongue; Students will also be taught to understand an English speaker.

While reading, students are progressively taught the differences in comparative stylistics so that they can avoid translating literally;

Students will learn to decipher technical vocabulary, grammar and syntax;

Even though it is a passive course, pronunciation mistakes will be corrected.

Technical and scientific texts from books, magazines and specialized websites

M. McCarthy & F.O'Dell, Academic Vocabulary in Use, CUP 2008

T. Armer, Cambridge English for Scientists, CUP 2011 J. Williams, Making Connections Low Intermediate, A Strategic Approach to Academic Reading and Vocabulary, CUP 2011

R. Murphy, Essential Grammar in Use, CUP, 3d Edition 2007

GLADSTONE, Dictionnaire des termes de médecine

www.wordreference.com www. granddictionnaire.com

www.howjsay.com (pronunciation check)

Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, Translation and technical vocabulary exercises.

Oral Exam = 50%    Continuous assessment = 50%

Basic smattering of general and organic chemistry, of cell biology and main organs physiology.

To provide the theoretical bases necessary to the laboratory analyses ( mainly in enzymology); to prepare the students for the pathology and medical chemistry lessons; to understand the importance and the variability of the laboratory tests.

Protid’s : structure and physico-chemical properties ; technology of aminoacids identification and separation ; technology of proteins separation and purification.

Enzymology : definition, classification and mechanism of action; enzyme kinetics; enzymatic activity assay; coenzymes; enzymatic inhibitors; regulatory mechanisms.

Study of metabolisms :

· Bioenergetics (including respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation )

· Glucide metabolism: glycolysis ; pentoses phosphates shunt; glycogenesis and glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis.

· The Krebs cycle

· Protid’s metabolism : aminoacids catabolism and anabolism; particular pathways.

· Lipids metabolism : lipoproteins ; fatty acids biosynthesis and catabolism ; triglycerides and complexes lipids biosynthesis; cholesterol metabolism; steroidal hormones and prostaglandins.

The blood : composition ; hemoglobin ( structure, properties and metabolism); respiratory function;

Acid-base balance : main buffer systems; physiological regulatory system; assessment parameters of balance and typing of diseases.

HARPER, Précis de Biochimie de Harper, Presses de l'Université Laval, 7ème Edition, 1989

MOUSSARD C., En bref, la biochimie, Ed. De Boeck, 1999.

RAWN J.D.,Traité de Biochimie, Ed. De Boeck Université, 1989

SCOPES R., Protein purification, Principles and Practice, Springer Verlag, 1982.

STRYER L., Stryer’s Biochemistry, W.H.Freeman, Oxford, 1995.

Good grounding in theoretical course and statistics ; capacity for laboratory manipulations.

To approach the theoretical knowledge of biochemical technology ; to acquire the know-how; to learn experimental work planning and laboratory apparatus experience; to acquire experimental precision and to examine the results critically.

Visible and U.V. light spectroscopy principles : theory ( Beer-Lambert’s law ; absorption spectrum) ; manipulations (absorption spectrum and molar extinction coefficient determination, calibration).

Enzymology : enzymatic kinetics ( KM and VM determinations; inhibition ); enzymatic activity assays ( optimum conditions; various factors influence).

Separation technology : electrophoresis; ion exchange chromatography.

Applied in medical chemistry assays :serum and urine protein; blood glucose; renal parameter (urea, creatinine, uric acid); hepatic parameter  (total bilirubin, TGO,TGP,LDH,PAL); hemoglobin.

PLUMMER D.T., Introduction aux techniques de Biochimie, Ed. McGraw-Hill, Paris, 1989

AUDIGIE Cl., DUPONT G., ZONSZAIN F., Principes des méthodes d'analyse biochimique, t. 1 et 2, 4e Ed., Ed. Doin, Paris, 1993

GAVRILOVIC M., MAGINOT M.J., SCHWARTZ-GAVRILOVIC L., WALLACH J., Manipulations d'analyse biochimique, 3e Ed., Ed. Doin, Paris, 1996

Tutorials and exercices

Examens écrit et pratqiue.

Course general chemistry

To know the main methods of qualitative , quantitative and structural and separative analysis and their limits.

Errors in chemical analysis

Gravimetry : definition, inconvenients, interests.

Titrimetry

• Introduction : definition , conditions for a chemical reaction to be used with titrimetrical objectives, volumetric dosage; titrage modes; volumetrical measurement device
• Expression of standards solutions concentration
• Systematic examination of titrage conditions realted to different reactions.

Electrochemical methods : electrogravimetry; potentiometry; polarography; amperometry;coulometry;conductimetry.

Spectral analysis methods, X-rays , spectophotometry…

Separation techniques: separation with and without transformation of the analytes, separation by chromatography, electrophoresis

FUGER, GILBERT et MERCINY, Chimie analytique, Ulg, 1998.

Abrégé de chimie analytique (tome I à III). Masson, 1990.

Chimie analytique, Ed. De Boeck Université, 1997

Atlas de poche des méthodes d'analyse, Flammarion Médecine-Science, 1999.

Analyse chimique : méthodes et techniques instrumentales modernes,Dunod, 2004.

Principes d'analyse instrumentale. Ed. De Boeck, 2003

Chimie analytique: équilibre en solution, Dunod, 2004.

Electrochimie: des concepts aux applications, Dunod, 2005.

Analyse chimique quantitative de Vogel, Ed. De Boeck Université, 2006.

General chemistry course

To know the main methods of qualitative, quantitative and separative analysis. 

Gravimetric techniques: determination of iron in the ferrous sulfate, dosages of calcium, magnesium and sulphate ions.

Titrimetric Techniques: Measurement of calcium ions, dosage of the disodium salt of EDTA by nickel ions.

Electrochemical techniques: by electrogravimetry (determination of nickel ions), by potentiometry (dosage a solution of disodium EDTA pH monitoring).

Spectral techniques: determination of a solution of sodium sulphate by turbidimetry, simultaneous determination of chromium and manganese in a solution of permanganate and dichromate by UV-visible spectrophotometry

Florilège de chimie pratique, Edition Hermann Collection enseignement des sciences, 1999.

Initiation aux techniques d'analyse de laboratoire de chimie, Edition IUT BTS UPA, 1999.

Guide pratique de laboratoire de chimie pour Ciba Geigy, Livre total Lausanne et Polytechnica Paris, 1990.

Chimie analytique, Edition De Boeck Université, 1997.

Travaux pratiques d'analyse qualitative et d'analyse quantitative, Edition Nathan Technique, 1969.

Recueil de manipulations, Centre technique de l'Enseignement de l'état, 1983.

Tutorials and exercises

Practical work

Cellular biology and general biochemistry

Knowledge of the basic principles to understand the most commonly used methods in genetic analysis, molecular cloning and cell transformation.

• Composition, structure and properties of nucleic acids.
• Tools for nucleic acids manipulation
• Transcription and regulation mechanisms
• Generals technics of molecular biology
• Gene's transfer in eucariotics cells
• Transgenesis
• Genomics

ETIENNE J., Biochimie génétique, Biologie moléculaire, Ed. Masson, 2000.

PRIMROSE S. et al., Principes de Génie Génétique , Ed. de Boeck, 2004

KAPLAN J.J. et DELPECH M., Biologie moléculaire et médecine, Ed. Flammarion,2007.

WATSON et all., Biologie moléculaire du gène, Pearson Education, 2009

Good knowledge of the theoretical course

Practical approach of the basic techniques in molecular biology and genetic engineering

DNA isolation and purification

Use of restriction enzymes 

Electrophoresis techniques 

Southern Blotting

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Cloning  in E. coli

Génie Génétique, D. Loncle et al., Ed. Doin, 1993

Knowledge in histology and in anatomy of first year

To have a thorough knowledge of the histological structure of the organs and the specific functions of the tissues.

Functional histology of the organs. 

The digestive system, liver and pancreas.

The respiratory system.

The urinary system.

The male and female reproductive systems.

Stevens A. et Lowe J.: Histologie humaine, 1997, ED. DE BOECK, UNIVERSITE

Weather, Young, Heath : Histologie fonctionnelle, 2001, 4^ème EDITION. De Boeck Université

Basic concepts in cellular biology and biochemistry

To learn the basic medical vocabulary and hematologic pathologies

Hematology : composition of blood and methods of blood collection. Hematopoiesis, complete blood count and principal anomalies; lymphomas; multiple myeloma; leukemias.

Hemostasis and coagulation: physiology; coagulation screening procedures, coagulation tests and their interpretation.

Immunohematology: blood groups in man; blood transfusion; hemolytic diseases of the newborn; preparation and utility of blood derivative.

Schilling test.

Abrégés d’hématologie, Masson, ISBN 2-225-83567-5, 9^ème éd., 1998.

A color atlas and instruction manual of peripheral blood cell morphology, Williams and Wilkins, ISBN 0-683-06624-2, 1984.

Les groupes sanguins ou l’écriture des gènes, Masson, ISBN 2-225-85450-5, 1997.

Hémostase et thrombose, ISBN 2-902559-12-7, 4^ème éd.,1994.

Courses of biology, introduction to microbiology, chemistry; mathematics and physics of 1^st year. Course of biochemistry.

To learn to master bacteriological technologies ( under control) and to work in sterile conditions. To apply the theoretical knowledge while learning diagnostic and therapeutic elements of frequent microorganisms in human pathology.

Basis in bacteriological technology, laboratory and bacteriological material. Sterilization.

Microscopic examination of colourless bacterial cells and after coloration.

Culture media: classification, preparation and dispensing.

Bacterial growth: qualitative and quantitative aspects; culture technologies; sampling of isolated colonies; cultures incubation; enumeration technologies.

Bacteriological metabolism study and biochemical tests: respiratory, glucide, protein and lipid metabolisms.

Testing of bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics.

Study and identification of several families and genera of microorganisms.

AVRIL J.L., Bactériologie clinique, Ellipses, 1992.

BERCHE P. et al, Bactériologie, Flammarion Médecine-Sciences, 1988.

and practical activity

Good knowledge of cellular biology and of organic chemistry.  English language. Basic laboratory technical skills.

To know basis of immunology.

To know how to generate and produce antibodies.

To know the usefulness of antibodies in medical diagnosis and therapeutic as well as in fundamental research. 

To apply these techniques to the medical diagnosis and the basic biological research in human and animal.

To be able to adapt the techniques according to what is needed.

To be able to perform a western blot.

General knowledge about immune responses.

Basic cellular mechanisms of antibody production.

Immunoglobins: isolation, purification and structure.

Antigen antibody reaction

Vaccines, production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.

Quantitative assays: radioimmunoassay ( RIA ), immunoenzymatic assay ( EIA, ELISA).

Immunohisto(cyto)chemistry: general principle, reagents and technique description.

western blot, coimmunoprecipitation, FACS.

Tutorial: western blot.

JANEWAY C.A., Immuno Biology, Garland, 2001

Immunologie, Le cours de Janis Kuby, Dunod

Delves, Martin, Burton, Roitt, Fondements de l'immunologie, de boeck, 2008

Basic knowledge of pro and eucaryotic cells. Prerequisite are defined with regards to the success of first year courses of microbiology, biology, chemistry, immunology and biochemistry.

Understanding the role and importance of microorganisms for man and their environment with a special interest in viruses and viral infections in men.

Virology :

Introduction and history

General characteristics and reproduction of viruses

Bacteriophages and lysogeny

Eucaryotic and oncogene viruses

Viral infections and pathologies

Means of control of viruses

PRESCOTT, HARLEY, KLEIN, Microbiologie, Ed.De Boeck, 1995

SCHAECHTER, MEDOFF, EISENSTEIN, Microbiologie et Pathologie Infectieuse, Ed. De Boeck, 1999

M. Madigan et J. Martinko, Brock, Biologie des microorganismes, Pearson education, 2007.

Dossiers "Pour La Science" : "Les maladies émergentes", 1995 et "Les défenses de l'organisme", 2000, les Virus, ennemis utiles, juin 2007.

www.microbes-edu.org

Lectures with video illustration and slides.

Basic notions in general and cellular biology, biochemistry, anatomy-physiology, histology, immunology and genetics.

To know general notions in parasitology: morphology and biology of protozoal, animal and fungal parasites; main parasitic diseases in human beings and laboratory methods to diagnose these diseases.

Helminthology

• Theoretical introduction to the biology of helminths and to associated pathology
• Examination of macroscopic and microscopic preparations.

Entomology

• Theoretical introduction to the biology of insects and mites and to associated pathology
• Examination of macroscopic and microscopic preparations.

Protozoology

• Theoretical introduction to the biology of protozoans and to associated pathology
• Examination of macroscopic and microscopic preparations.

Mycology

• Theoretical introduction to the biology of fungi and to associated pathology
• Examination of macroscopic and microscopic preparations

ANAISSIE E.J., McGINNIS M.R. and PFALLER M.A., Clinical Mycology, Philadelphia, 2003.

ROBERTS L.S. et JANOVY J.J., Foundations of Parasitology, 6^th Ed., Singapour, 2000.

MEHLOHM H., Encyclopedic reference of Parasitology, Berlin, 2001.

URQUHART G.M. et al., Veterinary Parasitology, 2^nd Ed., Blackwell Science, Oxford, 1996.

KREIER J.P. et BAKER J.R., Parasitic Protozoa, Allen and Unwin, London, 1987.

VANBREUSEGHEM A., DE VROEY C. et TAKASKIR M., Guide pratique de Mycologie médicale et vétérinaire, 2^e Ed., 1978.

WALKER A., Arthropods of humans and domestic animals, 1^st Ed, London, 1994.

SERVICE M.W., Medical Entomology, Chapman and Hall, 1996, London.

Lectures (22 h) – Tutorials (8 h)

Written and practical examination

None

To draft a report, to group together, to sort out data and to put them into graphs, to consult Internet these are henceforth a part of the daily work of the student.

The word processors, the spreadsheets… became indispensable tools the students must be able to master. At the same time, Internet became an inexhaustible source of information where it can be very difficult to navigate without getting lost.

Office tools : OpenOffice.org 3.1 :

✘    Word processor : OpenOffice Writer :

✘    Spreadsheet : OpenOffice Calc

Dietetics applications : anamnesis

✔   Formula (relatives and absolutes adress) and functions (statistics)

✔   Charts

✘    Software of PAO : OpenOffice Impress

Chemistry software : Chemsketch 12.0

Internet and WEB 2.0 tools

1. VonHoegen H. et Kamenz A. Le grand livre d'Excel 97, Edt. Micro Application

2. Mincke M. Excel, un outil pour les cours de sciences, Edt. Ressources

3. Werverka P. Word 2003 pour les nuls, Edt. First Interactive, Paris 2004

4. Banfield C. et Walkenbach J. Excel 2003 pour les nuls, Edt. First Interactive, Paris 2004

Good knowledge in chemistry, biology, biochemistry and physics.

To be able to understand and apply in real situations principles of radioprotection and face critical situations

To comply with Art. 53.2 Royal Decree 20/07/2001 concerning medical auxilliaries training obligation

Radiobiology

• Human irradiation sources and levels
• Interaction of ionisins radiations with ther matter
• Consequences of ionising rays on cell , molecule and tissue

Legislation and radiopotection

• Definition and legal frame of radioprotection
• Fundamental principles of radioprotection

Applied techniques in nuclear medicine

Quality , equipment control.

DUTREIX J., DESGREZ A., BOK B., VINOT J.-H., Biophysique des radiations et imagerie médicale, 3^e Ed., Masson, 1993.

ERICH KRESTEL-SIEMENS AKTIENGES, Imaging systems for medical diagnostics, 1990.

GALLE P., PAULIN R., Biophysique, Radiobiologie, Radiopathologie, Ed. Masson.

WEBB S., The physics of medical imaging, Medical Science Series, 1996.

• Histology and blood cytology concepts
• To use knowingly an optic microscope

• To realize several hematological techniques understanding their principles.
• To develop a critical analysis of the procedures used to optimize the results.
• To perform the repeatability.

• Introduction : blood and its components
• Blood cells numeration : the Thoma cell
• Blood smear and hemo-leucocytes formula
• ABO and Rhesus blood groups
• Compatibility tests
• Reticulocytes : smear and numeration

Afonso A., Joffin Ch., Hématologie et immunologie, Techniques, Collection Biologie technique, CRDP Aquitaine, 2000

Friendly and respectiful approach of the patient.Use of measures of prevention. Taking a blood sample. Communication with the patient in order to improve his collaboration and create a reciprocal relaxation.

Introduction: awareness of the notions of medical hygiene; initiation to aspetic manipulations; the antiseptics;notions relating to accidental exposure to blood.

Techniques: taking of any product out of a flask or a phial; taking a blood sample.

Taking of heart pulse rate and arterial blood presure

Physics and mathematics studied during the 1st year.

To learn phenomenons and laws of physics and their applications with extension to other sciences. To be skilled in measurement , its surrouding and its treatment. To understand instruments and techniques met in clinical laboratories.

Constitution of the matter: elementary particules ( standard model); nucleus; atoms and molecules ( quantum mechanics).

Emission of radiations: luminescence; laser; radioactivity and related radiations.

Interaction of non-ionizing and ionizing radiations with matter; nuclear reactions; nuclear reactors; accelerators.

Electronic and confocal microscopies

Spectrometries

BLANC D. et PORTAL G., Physique nucléaire, Masson 1993

CAMERON J.R. et SKOFRONICK J.G., Medical Physics, Wiley, 1978

GALLE P. et PAULIN R., Biophysique (radiobiologie et radiopathologie), Masson, 1992

KANE J. et STERNHEIM M., Physique, Dunod, 1999

SCHOEFF L.E. et WILLIAMS R.H., Principles of Laboratory Instruments, Mosby, 1993.

Know how to use optical microscopy, to make dilutions, to weigh…( basic chemical procedures). 

Background of biology, organic chemistry and histology ( 1st year).

To be able to integrate in pathological-anatomy laboratory.

To be able to use microtomy.

to be able to use cytologic specimens

Use of microtomes and cryostats

Stains of connective fibers, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.

Methods for demonstrating: pigments and precipitate; microorganisms; enzymatic activities.

Quality control in histological techniques.

Electron microscopy.

Immuno histochemistry.

Nervous tissue stain.

Cytology staining

Practical activities (collection of specimens, fixation, inclusion, embedding, sections; histological, histochemical and enzymatic stains).

Bancroft J., Gamble M., Theory and practice of histological techniques, Chruchill Livingstone, 2005, 796 p

Fortier J, Hould R., Histotechnologie, théorie et procédés, CCDMD, 2003, 717 p

Carson F., Histotechnology, a self-instructional text, ASCP Press, 1997, 304 p

Gabe M., Techniques histologiques, Masson, 1968

Stevens A., Lowe J., Histologie humaine, De Boeck Université, 1997, 536 p

Histotechnology, a self-intructional text, Freida L. Carson, ASCP Press, 1997

General smattering of analytical, general and organic chemistry, and of biochemistry.

To know the principal solvents used in professional or household surrouding.

To understand its toxicity and to identify the signs of that toxicity.

To understand the determinations of solvents and their metabolites assays.

Solvents toxicity : poisons penetration in the organism ; physico-chemical properties of solvents ; toxicity signs and symbols ; organic solvents ( alcohols, glycols, ketones, ethers, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons ).

Methods : blood assays of solvents and urinary assays of metabolites.

CONSTANTIN E., Spectrométrie de masse : principes et applications, 2e Ed., Ed. TEC et DOC, Paris, 1996

GERHARDS P., BONS U. SAWASKI J. et al., GC/MS in clinical chemistry, Ed. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999

KINTZ P., éditeur, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie Médico-légale, Ed. Elsevier, 2001.

ROSSET R., CAUDE M. et JARDY A., Manuel pratique de chromatographie en phase liquide, 2e Ed., Masson, Paris, 1982